Pathways Forward

City officials generally have one or more of the following attitudes toward paratransit operators and systems (Godard 2006):

• Ignoring them or minimizing their role
• Fighting them
• Regulating them
• Acknowledging their role and helping them modernize within an integrated citywide scheme.

The emerging consensus on informal bus/minibus upgrading is that the public sector is best placed to undertake planning, regulation, and oversight of public transport, and the private sector should provide services through some form of organization that is accountable to users and/or regulators. 

 – Venter, Mahendra, & Hidalgo, 2019